How Personality Testing Is Used On A Daily Basis - 822 Words

Personality testing is used on a daily basis in all areas of psychology. These tests evaluate and measure traits, values, attitudes, personal identity, and many more aspects of an individual’s personality (Cohen, Swerdlik, Sturman, 2013). Such assessments as the Thematic Apperception Test, Neuroticism, Extroversion, and Openness inventory and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory are instruments, which assist the psychologist in assessing an individual’s personality. The following paper will discuss each of these tests. Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a personality assessment instrument. Created in 1935 by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan the purpose of the test is to reveal the participants emotions, drives, personality conflicts, personality complexes, and sentiment (Swartz, 1978). The original format of the TAT test can still be found. Psychological testing allows the researcher to collect comprehensive information, which is necessary to formulate an appropriate treatment plan (Verdon et al., 2014). The following section will review the TAT assessment, and its relevance to the field of psychology. Test Purpose and Procedures The 1978 Review of the Tat completed by Jon Swartz evaluated the internal integrity of the test. TAT is an assessment, which utilizes pictures and storytelling abilities. The participant is shown one of 20 pictures and asked to use his/her imagination to derive a story about the portrayed charactersShow MoreRelatedThe Best Means Of Hiring And Testing New Employees1454 Words   |  6 Pagesare commonly used in a day to day basis but have proven to be inadequate for consistently selecting good employees. When it comes to hiring and selecting you want to use productive tools to help determine the best decision possible. Using the incorrect tools to hire and test potential candidates causes employee turnover and retention. Companies need to understand what pre-employment assessments are and why they are effective. I will be discussing the best means of hiring and testing new employeesRead MoreThe Test Of Personality Assessments1732 Words   |  7 Pages T here are a number of personality assessments available for clinicians to implement with the same intended purpose- to obtain a deeper understanding of an individual’s personality. Whether the answers to the questions are self-reported by the individual taking the assessment, or recorded by the clinician, the answers themselves are not what is most important. Whether it is related to a specific diagnosis, or a previous experience, these tests are administered to gain insight into an individual’sRead MorePros and Cons of Personality Testing1634 Words   |  6 PagesThe pros and cons of personality testing Introduction The test that measure a persons enduring traits and their characteristics, which are nonphysical and nonmental is referred to as a personality test. According to ADDIN EN.CITE Salkind2012272Salkind (2012)2722726Salkind, N.J.Tests Measurement for People Who (Think They) Hate Tests Measurement2012Thousand OaksSAGE Publications9781412913638http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=M-JQAmQuAsgC HYPERLINK l _ENREF_4 o Salkind, 2012 #272 SalkindRead MoreComparing Organizational Codes of Test Users1513 Words   |  7 PagesUsers Throughout history mankind has utilized testing. Testing or experiments are done on a daily basis. People do this without even realizing it; it has become part of our daily lives. Most of today’s modern technology such as electricity, cars, and even television were based on a series of experiments. Humans are known to be curious and want to understand how and why things were or happen. This curiosity extends to wanting to know how we act, feel, and understand things. Performing testsRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests1137 Words   |  5 Pagesreliability in your answer.   As part of the ability tests, which measure what we have learned and our ability to learn new things, Projective tests are used to deduce a persons feelings, needs and motive on the basis of a persons interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, which consists of pictures, patterns and stories. The commonly used projective tests are the Roschach Inkblot Test in which the test taker must describe what he or she thinks the image is. Another test is the Thematic ApperceptionRead MoreA Reflection On The Classroom Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesbe in an independent testing environment. This desk set up aligns with my teaching style and personality because of the inclusive environment, which encourages collectivistic learning. I also think it is important personally to have an open space plan to know where all students are located in the classroom. I would however add a break space in the classroom with re-centering tools, especially for students who struggle to leave the classroom for breaks. Artifact B: Copy of daily schedule The rationalRead MoreAssessment Is A Large Part Of Every Classroom969 Words   |  4 Pages Teachers need to be cognizant of their students, and assessments provide the means to understand students better. I have used many different assessments. A primary focus of mine is making sure students have the best opportunity to show they have learned. Students with test anxiety may not be able to show me how much they learned in the way a project could. On a daily basis, I use informal assessments. There are as simple as asking students to explain a concept just discussed, asking for an exitRead MoreOur Modern Educational System Creates An Environment Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesin my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack of funding and supportRead MoreIntroducing The Problems Of The American School System Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesin my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack of funding and supportRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Dementia1329 Words   |  6 Pagesin the US, causing more fatalities than breast and prostate cancer patients combined. With that being said, how many commercials have you seen about Alzheimer’s awareness? How many 5k’s and walk-a-thons have you seen advertised opposed to cancer awareness? My purpose with this paper is to shed light on Alzheimer’s and dementia disease and help those reading to have to better understanding how the disease works to better educate those around us when opportunity presents itself. So what’s the difference

A Study of Religion in Politics - 3234 Words

Policy, Elections, and People A Study of Religion in Politics Introduction Religion has always played a large role in politics. Religion has played a role in the division of parties, political policy, and in influencing voters to vote for a particular candidate. It is presumed that religion has existed since the beginning of time and that it stills holds a prominent position in what occurs in today’s society. Religion, no matter what belief a person may have, often regulates what a person believes, what they consider right and wrong, and also governs the decisions that they will make. These aspects are what make religion a very â€Å"touchy† subject when it comes to politics. Politicians are often asked about certain issues and topics†¦show more content†¦According to her, it often surprises a lot of people when they find out just how prominent religion proves to be in the election itself (Himmelfarb 1). â€Å"Both in society and in the polity, Religion not only has power and influence in politics but also plays a huge role in elections and who will gain power in our Democratic system† (Himmelfarb 1). According to Michael Barone in his article Dividing the Religious Vote published in U.S. News, the lines that divide American voters most deeply are not economics, gender, ethnicity, or even race, but religion. In 1992, the five- percent gender gap and the 24 percent gap between top and bottom level income groups were dwarfed by the gap among voters of different religions. To enlighten us as to voting habits of people with faith, Barone gives the example of Jews and those who areof no religion. Seventy-percent of them voted along Democratic lines while evangelical Protestants were 70 percent Republican. Similar results have appeared in both 1994 and 1996 polls (Barone 1). The power that these religious groups have is also evident in Barone’s article. Barone brings to us facts about the 1988, 1992, and 1996 elections. He states that presidential candidatesShow MoreRelatedCliff ord Geertzs Focus on the Power of Religion1160 Words   |  5 Pageson the symbolic power of religion. He has talked about the fact that it is the symbolic power of religion that has a strong influence on the people. It is the religion, in accordance to Clifford that helps the people in understanding the place that the people have in the world. The actions that are undertaken by the people are also defined by the religion. Based on the arguments that have been given by Clifford, it can be added here that there is a great effect of religion and the religious valuesRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1163 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has created major turmoil in America. Every night on the news, specialists elaborate more and more about the candidates and their ideas. Many of the most controversial issues are refugees, terrorism, and abortion; all of which all have aspects dealing with religion. This is a sharp contrast to the supposed â€Å"separation† of church an d state in America, since citizens are electing the next president based on his religion-based opinions. These opinions are often altered through the instantaneousRead MoreReligion And Religion Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is universal. Although people may have different ideologies and practices, everyone believes in something, whether they deem it their religion or not. In this way, religion is a powerful connection between all of humanity; thus, it is important to understand the people behind religion and how their unique characteristics correlates with and influences religion—whether that be their social class, ethnicity, gender, or politics. However, ethnicity and gender, along with the closely linkedRead MoreReligion : The United States And The European Union1648 Words   |  7 Pages Religion is as old as human civilization itself. It has survived millennia in various forms shaping the way that we live, impacting our decisions and making us who we are. Re ligion permeates and influences virtually every aspect of our lives and governs both our individual and collective life (Hajizadeh, 2013). Religion plays an integral role in every country whether it is a third-world country, such as some African or Middle Eastern countries, or industrialized capitalist countries like the UnitedRead MoreGender And Religion Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesIntersections of Gender and Religion in Political Participation In the body of political science research, there is a world of information about how female candidates running for office affect the likelihood of women to be politically active. There is also a significant amount of data regarding both candidate religion and religiosity and how these factors could impact their likeability and send subtle messages to voters. However, there is not enough research that has been done on the intersectionRead MorePolitical Parties : Politics, And Religion1480 Words   |  6 PagesI started my search based off my long held interest in politics, and the issues that affect the way we govern. So I boiled that down to the entities that decide when and what we govern. Political Parties. After I had my subject I looked at the three things I believe political parties play a role in. The three areas of interest I chose were our political parties role in our history, economics, and religion, and what factors in those areas determine how political parties’ f unction. The first areaRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War? Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has its shares of promoting violence. Many will argue that a cause of religion wars is for economic and political reasons, but others argue that those who start wars are, by definition, not religious. In reality, separating religion out of economic and political motives can be involved in such a way finding religious motives innocent of much. Excuses for Christianity responsibilities cannot be accepted whether the person has misappropriated the message of Christ. The primarily set of doctrinesRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives Essay: . Sociology Is The Scientific990 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Perspectives Essay: Sociology is the scientific study of how humans and groups behave socially and how they, as a whole, change over time. Through the examination of the scientific side of sociology, the understanding of the social world can be shown more clearly. Within the study of sociology, there are two main branches: micro and macro. Micro sociology is looking at the individual and social interaction. Macro sociology focuses beyond social interaction and seeks to examine systemsRead MoreDifferent Values Of Peace And Toleration1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfavored this concept, he stated that, â€Å"the impulse behind the contextual secularism is to secure dignified life for all , prevent discrimination on grounds of religion, check religious bigotry and manage frendzied internecine conflicts that plunge societies in to an escalating spiral of violence and cruelty. The intermingling of religion and politics is permitted as long as helps meet these objectives but if any form of blending their amalga tion must be restricted. This contextual secularism recognizesRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Foreign Policy1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Religion in Foreign Policy In order to best understand the role of religion in foreign policy, one needs to acknowledge that religion does play a role in foreign policy. However, the role religion plays in international relations is often overlooked. This omission of such an important factor that influences international politics in so many ways and on so many levels is detrimental and should be addressed (Fox, 2001:73). Religion influences international

Prediction about Globalization of Markets-Free-Samples for Students

Question: What is the main argument in Ted Levitts* (1983) article. Do you think Ted Levitts predictions about the Globalisation of Markets written in 1983 have come true today? Answer: Globalization refers to the interaction of the one economy to another. It allows free flow of trade and business to other countries without any barriers. Globalization has encouraged cross cultural awareness and a sense of global civics. This report will be describing the arguments regarding Ted Levitts predictions about the globalization of markets written in 1983. Four arguments will be elaborating in this report which will reflect the favor side of Levitts Prediction. The four journal articles will support the arguments which will show the relevancy in the support of argument. First argument It has been analyzed in the article of Levitts prediction about the globalization of market that global market is advanced in comparison of multinational products. There is difference between global and Multinational Corporation. Multinational corporation operations in a number of coultries and the cost of its products and services are high in comparison of others while the cost of products and services of global corporation at low and affordable level. As per Thompson, globalization has the benefits because it helps to enhance the wage rates and purchasing power in previously low income countries (Ezrow and Hellwig, 2014). It has been stated in the article of Thompson that due to globalization the earning power of poor people has been increased. They have become able to gain purchasing power and become efficient markets for the products that other manufacture efficiently. It has been mention in this article that when a country interact in international trade, the purchasing power of house hold will be raised. Income structure of them will be enhanced because they would be able to attain goods and services at lower cost. It would be more beneficial for the country because when country engage with another countrys trade it can be produce more gross domestic products from its labor, land and capital. If the country is to reap the advantages from globalization, it will enhance in both consumer purchasing power and potential GDP (Thompson, 2007). Second argument It has been evaluated that the description about the globalization in the Levitts prediction is right because it can be seen in other article that the role of globalization in the progress of world is proved. As it mentioned in the Levitts prediction about the globalization of the market that globalization is able to raise the living standard s of people and along with that it is helpful to change the mind of people regarding international trade and enhance the fun while working. Alias, Abidin, Ping, Muhamad and Rahim stated in their journal article that the globalization is worthwhile in the emergence growth of economic globalization. The living standard of people has been improved by the growth of globalization because there are several reasons why this has occurred. They are relaxation of government controls, better transport along with communications, adaption of latest technology, mobility of investment and the promise of effective and useful material for better living standards . As it mentioned in Levitts article the benefit of globalization to all peoples living standard, it has been proved by the article of Globalization and its effect on world poverty and inequality. This article reflects the favor point with argument that due to globalization general relaxation of government has been converted in to forces of freer markets. It has been seen that the speed of transport and communication improved which meant that international trade has become aware about the opportunities of profit. New technology is involving in the development of international busines which enhances the level of education of everyone and forces them to get educated. Removal of tariff protection encourages the country to get specialization in particular area where they have a cost advantage in comparison of other countries (Alias, Abidin, Ping, Muhamad and Rahim, 2014). Third Argument It has been stated in Levitts article that Corporations sell standardized products in the same way everywhere. The main benefit of globalization is that every products sell in different country with same quality and it become easy to every country to consume products related to another country. It is the effort of globalization to push markets towards commonality of global. To the support of this description, The Effects of Globalization on Marketing by Naghi and Para, article has been taken which describing that there is lots of advantage of globalization. The advantage of making a unique brand name which is worldwide for the global company will be able to maintain its brand identity in all over the world. Standardizing operational marketing is able to generate the important economies of scale in a particular packaging and communication. It has been evaluated that globalised firms are centrally plan and able to produce the new products in worldwide within less than one year (Scriven , 2014). Globalization put efforts to sell the same thing in the same way everywhere so that no one could get deprived from consumption of things which has been manufactured by foreign country. High-touch products are as pervasive as high-tech. Corporations sell standardized products in the same way everywhere refers globalization has become able to sell products in a same manner in all over the world such as steel, agricultural, cement, petrol, transport, industrial and commercial construction, semiconductors, telecommunication, pharmaceuticals and many more are same for all over the world. It would become easy for the particular country to use product of other country and produce in own country (Ekberg and Lange, 2014). Fourth Argument Globalization is a beneficiary element for the world as per article Ted Levitts prediction about the globalization of markets. Cost structure of effective world competitors incorporate superior quality along with reliability. These competitors are selling out same kind of products and services not only at home but also in the wider export market. Their competition is basis on the best combination of reliability, cost, quality and delivery for commodities that are recognized by globally regarding to function, latest trend and function. It has been evaluated that one of the presentable effects of globalization is the quality and the reliability of the products is improved due to global competition. Market under the influence of globalization work on the approaches that is customer is the king which helps to produce improved quality and services (Dumitrescu and Vinerean, 2010). Due to that local market started to fight out with foreign competition, they are forced to raise their standar ds and the satisfaction of customers in order to live in the market appropriately. Along with that when an international brand invade in to new country, it brings good will along, which is necessary to live up to. This is the way which creates competition in the market. Competition is required for better quality and to survive in the market. Competition is not only found locally, it is the factor which can be finding in every level of area whether it is locally or globally. Due to global competition, each country has become able to adapt new technology rapidly and the information of new technology will enhance appropriately due to globalization (Contractor, 2013). References Alias, M, K, Abidin, Z, Z, Ping, S, D,S, Muhamad, A, I, and Rahim, H, L, 2014, Globalization and its effect on world poverty and inequality. Dumitrescu, L, and Vinerean, S, 2010, The glocal strategy of global brands, Studies in Business and Economics, 5(3), pp.147-155. Ekberg, E, and Lange, E, 2014, Business history and economic globalization, Business History, 56(1), pp.101-115. Ezrow, L, and Hellwig, T, 2014, Responding to voters or responding to markets? Political parties and public opinion in an era of globalization, International Studies Quarterly, 58(4), pp.816-827. Contractor, F., 2013, Punching above their weight The sources of competitive advantage for emerging market multinationals, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 8(4), pp.304-328. Naghi, R, I, and Para, I, 2013, The Effects of Globalization on Marketing,GSTF Business Review (GBR),2(3), p.168. Scriven, J., 2014, The Impact of Globalization on the Consumer, The Nouman Business Review, pp.13-23. Thompson, R, L, 2007, Globalization and the benefits of trade, Chicago Fed Letter, The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, (236).

The third president of the United States, a diplom Essay Example For Students

The third president of the United States, a diplom Essay at, statesman, architect, scientist, and philosopher, Thomas Jefferson is one of the most eminent figures in American history. No leader in the period of the American Enlightenment was as articulate, wise, or conscious of the implications and consequences of a free society as Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, a tobacco plantation in Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a self-made success, and although uneducated he was a very intelligent man. His mother, Jane Randolph was a member of one of the most distinguished families in Virginia . Peter Jefferson died when Thomas was 14 and left him valuable lands and property. Denied a formal education himself, he directed that his son be given complete classical training. He studied with Reverend Mr. Maury, a classical scholar, for two years and in 1760 he attended William and Mary College. After graduating from William and Mary in 1762, Jefferson studied law for five years under George Wythe. In January of 1772, he married Martha Wayles Skelton and established a residence at Monticello. When they moved to Monticello, only a small one room building was completed. Jefferson was thirty when he began his political career. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgess in 1769, where his first action was an unsuccessful bill allowing owners to free their slaves. We will write a custom essay on The third president of the United States, a diplom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The impending crisis in British-Colonial relations overshadowed routine affairs of legislature. In 1774, the first of the Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston until Massachusetts paid for the Boston Tea Party of the preceding year. Jefferson and other younger members of the Virginia Assembly ordained a day of fasting and prayer to demonstrate their sympathy with Massachusetts. Thereupon, Virginias Royal Governor Dunmore once again dissolved the assembly (Koch and Peden 20). The members met and planned to call together an inter-colonial congress. Jefferson began writing resolutions which were radical and better written than those from other counties and colonies. Although his resolutions were considered too revolutionary and not adopted, they were printed and widely circulated and subsequently all important writing assignments were entrusted to Jefferson. When Jefferson arrived in Philadelphia in June, 1775, as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress, he already possessed, as John Adams remarked, a reputation for literature, science, and a happy talent of composition (Koch and Peden 21). When he returned in 1776, he was appointed to the five-man committee, including Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, which was charged with the most momentous assignment ever given in the history of America: the drafting of a formal declaration of independence from Great Britain (Daugherty 109). Jefferson was responsible for preparing the draft. The document, was finally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. Cut and occasionally altered by Adams, or Franklin, or the Congress itself, the Declaration is almost completely Jeffersons, and is the triumph and culmination of his early career. At this time, had he wanted to be a political leader, he could have easily attained a position in government. Instead, he chose to return to Monticello and give his public service to Virginia. Returning to the Virginia House of Delegates in October 1776, Jefferson set to work on reforming the laws of Virginia. He also proposed a rational plan of statewide education and attempted to write religious tolerat ion into the laws of Virginia by separating Church and State by writing the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom.In June of 1779, Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia. He commenced his career as a public executive, confident of his abilities, assured of the respect and almost the affection of his commonwealth. However, he took up his duties at a time when the British were raiding Virginia. General George Washington did not have resources available to send to Virginia. Jefferson, during one of the raids, narrowly escaped capture at the hands of the British troops; and the legislators were forced to flee from their new capital city of Richmond. Jefferson, as head of the state, was singled out for criticism and abuse. At the end of his second term, he announced his retirement. General Washingtons approval of Jeffersons actions as Governor is in marked contrast to the heated charges of dereliction of duty made by certain members of the legislature. After Washingtons approval th e legislature passed a resolution officially clearing Jefferson of all charges (Smith 134,135). Jefferson returned home to Monticello in 1781, and buried himself in writing about Virginia. The pages of text turned into a manuscript later known as the Notes on Virginia. This book, rich in its minute analysis of the details of external nature as in its clarification of moral political, and social issues, was read by scientists of two continents for years to come (Smith 142). .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .postImageUrl , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:hover , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:visited , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:active { border:0!important; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:active , .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8 .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec3ebac8a32a7a33720a6a8e276f5df8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ubiquity of Microbes EssayHis wife, ill since the birth of their last daughter, died in September 1782. In sorrow for his wife, Jefferson declined numerous appointments. In June 1783, he was elected as a delegate to the Confederation Congress where he headed important committees and drafted many reports and official papers. He advocated the necessity of more favorable international commercial relations, and in 1784, compiled instructions for ministers negotiating commercial treaties with European nations. In May 1784, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to assist Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, both of whom had preceded him to Europe to arrange commercial agreements (Koch and Peden 24). He traveled throughout Europe and every place he went, he was not only an American diplomat, but a student of the useful sciences. He took notes on making wine and cheese, planting and harvesting crops, and raising livestock. He sent home to America information on the different cultures, the actual seeds of a variety of grasses not native to America, olive plants, and Italian rice. He remained in Paris until 1789 (Smith 170). Upon his return President Washington asked Jefferson to be Secretary of State. Jefferson accepted the post and found himself at odds with the Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson thought that all of Hamiltons acts were dominated by one purpose: to establish government by and for a privileged few. Jefferson repeatedly thought of retiring from the cabinet post in which he was constantly pitted against Hamilton, the most power-hungry man in the capital. After negotiating the countrys foreign affairs, Jefferson once again retired to Monticello. During retirement, Jefferson supervised the farming of his estates and designed a plow which revolutionized agriculture; he tended his library like a garden; he changed the architectural plans for Monticello, and supervised the construction. After three rather active years of retirement, Jefferson accepted the Republican Partys nomination in 1796 for President. He lost by three votes, which under the prevailing system, meant he was elected Vice President and the Federalist, John Adams, was elected president. The Federalist Administration turned upon its political opponents by passing the Alien Act, to deport foreign radicals and liberal, propagandists and agitators, and the Sedition Act, to curb the press. The Sedition Act empowered the Administration to fine, imprison, and prosecute any opposition writer and thus the Republicans were muzzled in the remaining years of Adams Administration (Randall 523, 528). In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for office. The electoral vote, in marked contrast to the popular vote, resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr. The Federalists threatened Jefferson to bargain with them or they would elect Burr. Jefferson, however, stood firm and made no promises, until the Federalists gave up. As President, Jeffersons first project was to remove the bias which had recently infected America. His policy of general reconciliation and reform and his success in freeing the victims of the Alien and Sedition laws were generally supported by a favorable Congress (Randall 549). His popularity during his first term was greater than at any time during his career. In this term he was confronted with the most momentous problem of his career. Spain transferred to France its rights to the port of New Orleans, and the stretch of land constituting the province of Louisiana. Louisiana in the strong hands of the French rather than the weak hands of Spain placed an almost overwhelming obstacle in the path of American growth and prosperity. It was essential that America acquire the Louisiana territory, either through peaceful negotiation or by war. When French dictator Napoleon, suddenly offered to sell for $15,000,000 not only the port of New Orleans but the entire fabulous slice of land from the Mississippi to the Rockies, Jefferson was faced with the problem of taking the offer or wait for a Constitutional amendment authorizing such an act. After tremendous strain, Jeffer son authorized the purchase (Smith 266). Thus his first term closed in a blaze of glory when the people, united in their national good fortune, almost unanimously sent Jefferson back for a second term. Busy as he was during these years, Jefferson had found time to follow his favorite intellectual pursuits. He had not only aided in establishing a National Library, but had made many valuable additions to his own private collection. His second term was full of difficulties. To avoid war, Jefferson promoted the Non-Intercourse Act of 1806 and the Embargo of 1807. The Embargo was heavily criticized and had not been effective. To make matters worse, the domestic front was racked with defections and desertions. When his term expired on March 3, 1809, he was thrilled to be leaving politics and returning to Monticello (Mclaughlin 376). .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .postImageUrl , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:hover , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:visited , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:active { border:0!important; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:active , .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6 .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue140fc7f7dabd7aa524f56eae31d0ad6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mental Health and Depression EssayJeffersons daughter Martha said that in retirement her father never abandon a friend or principle. He and John Adams, their earlier political differences reconciled, wrote many letters. Jefferson frequently complained about the time consumed in maintaining his ever increasing correspondence but he could not resist an intellectual challenge or turn down an appeal for his opinion, advice, or help, and continued to discuss with frankness and a brilliant clarity such diverse subjects as anthropology and political theory, religion and zoology (Koch and Peden 40). Jeffersons major concern during his last years was education and educational philosophy. He considered knowledge not only a means to an end, but an end in itself. He felt education was the key to virtue as it was to happiness. He reopened his campaign for a system of general education in Virginia. Through his efforts, the University of Virginia, the first American University to be free of official church connection, was established and was Jeffersons daily concern during his last seven years (Koch and Peden 39). He sent abroad an agent to select the faculty, he chose the books for the library, drew up the curriculum, designed the buildings, and supervised their construction. The University finally opened in 1825, the winter before his death. Despite his preoccupation with the University, he continued to pursue a multitude of other tasks. In his eightieth year, for example, he wrote on politics, sending President Monroe long expositions later known to the world in Monroes version as t he Monroe Doctrine (Daugherty 326). Among all his interests, there was one intrusion on his time and thought which caused Jefferson endless embarrassment. His finances, always shaky, finally collapsed. Jefferson had frequently advanced money to friends who fancied themselves more hard-pressed than he, and occasionally had been forced to make good on their notes when they found it impossible to do so. He had spent money lavishly on his libraries and the arts, on Monticello, and on his childrens education. His passion for architecture cost him a small fortune. At the final stage of his financial distress, Jefferson petitioned the Virginia legislature to grant him permission to dispose of Monticello and its farms by lottery. The almost immediate response of private citizens, in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, on hearing this news was to donate a sum of over $16,000 to aid the leader who had devoted his industry and resourcefulness to all America for half a century (Smith 304). On July 4, 1826, Jefferson died at Monticello. He was buried on the hillside beside his wife. He had written the script for his headstone himself: Here was buriedThomas JeffersonAuthor of the Declaration of American Independence of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom and Father of the University of Virginia. On our family vacation last fall to Virginia, my wife and I toured Jeffersons Monticello home and also viewed his grave site. We both found it very interesting that of all the accomplishments that Jefferson listed on his headstone he apparently did not think it important enough to mention that he had been twice elected and served as president of the United States. BibliographyDaugherty, Sonia. Thomas Jefferson: Fighter for Freedom and Human Rights. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1961. Koch, Adrienne, and William Peden. The Life and Selected Writings Of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Random House Publishers, 1993. McLaughlin, Jack. Jefferson and Monticello The Biography Of A Builder. 1st ed. New York: Henry Holt and Company Publishers, 1988. Randall, Willard Sterne. Thomas Jefferson A Life. 1st ed. New York: Henry Holt and Company Publishers, 1993. Smith, Page. Jefferson A Revealing Biography. New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, 1976.